Since the dawn of time, both men and women have applied cosmetics, especially eye makeup, mostly to make themselves more attractive, but also to protect themselves from the environment (like the sun), clean themselves, claim social status, or to conceal scars and blemishes. Cosmetics were also used in religious rituals and to promote good health.
For more information, please visit Doriff.
Many different cosmetics are available today but eye makeup is arguably the most popular of all cosmetics. Perhaps it's because eyes are so central to the face, or that we consider eyes as the 'window to the soul'. Whatever the reason, many women, in particular, feel that they cannot face the day without applying eye makeup.
But if putting on eye cosmetics is part of your daily ritual, you should know about some potential dangers to your eyes.
Your eyes are delicate organs. An understanding of eyelid, eyelash, and eyebrow cosmetics is important because the eye area contains some of the most sensitive skin on the body.
The tender tissues that your eyes are made of are vulnerable to infection and irritation from all sorts of natural irritants, like dust and sunlight.
But they are also vulnerable to things you put on or near your eyes. Eye cosmetics include eye shadow, eyeliner, mascara, face creams, makeup remover, dyes, and adhesives. Petrosyan () points out that most eye cosmetic users don't consider the ingredients of their makeup, nor if and when it expires.
To understand how cosmetics affect the eye, it is useful to be familiar with the parts of the eye.
Eyelids have five layers. These are:
The eyelids have several functions, including maintaining the position of your eyeball, adjusting the light entering your eyes, and also keeping foreign objects out of the eye using the eyelashes.
Through blinking, they help maintain the integrity of the cornea and tear film, producing the outermost lipid or oily layer, as well as spreading tears, and moving tears to the tear duct (the puncta are the openings of the tear duct) to drain out of the eye.
Each eyelid has two to three layers of lashes. Lashes protect the eyes from foreign objects, as well as providing some shade to the eyeball.
Each lash is associated with a gland of Zeis (a sebaceous or oil gland) and a gland of Moll (a sweat gland).
The Meibomian glands are located just inside the tarsal plate of the eyelids, opening just inside the eyelash line. They produce the outermost oily layer of the tear film, which helps protect the cornea.
The cornea is the clear, protective, dome shaped outermost layer of the eyeball which plays an important role as a barrier against outside particles and in focusing the light entering the eye onto the retina.
The outermost layer of the cornea, the epithelium, in conjunction with the conjunctiva, produces the innermost mucous layer of the tear film.
The conjunctiva is a transparent that is well provided with blood vessel tissue, and which lines the inside of the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) and covers the white sclera (bulbar conjunctiva).
The conjunctiva contributes to the immune protection, oxygen supply, as well as lubrication of the eyes.
The goblet cells in the bulbar conjunctiva, along with the corneal epithelium, produce the innermost mucous layer of the tear film.
The tear film coats the cornea and conjunctiva and is composed of three layers, with each component of the tear film serving a critical purpose.
Each tear component is produced by different glands on or near the eye:
The nasolacrimal duct provides a drainage point for any excess tears or debris on the ocular surface. As the eyes blink, they wipe and push the tears into the two small openings in the nasal upper and lower eyelids called the puncta, and they eventually find their way to the nasal cavity for expulsion.
Eye cosmetics are generally safe materials, as long as they are used properly. As an eye surgeon and ophthalmologist, I've noticed that many who wear eye make-up are unaware of some of the potential negative effects.
Eye cosmetics commonly used today include the following.
It is a misconception that cosmetic tattooing is permanent, the pigment only lasts several years and will then fade.
The dangers with this procedure are twofold: they may be performed by somebody with very little training, and the colours used may not have been tested for safe use under the skin, and are usually a mixture of substances.
Other risks include the risk of infection (for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans), not to mention HIV or other viruses. These can occur during non-sterile procedures and reusing ink and needles over several patients.
In addition, there is the risk of blisters and scarring, development of granulomas (bumps under the skin) and keloids, or the overgrowth of scar tissue.
Of course, anyone could be allergic to the ink, especially if it contains iron oxide.
Pigment migration can occur over time, as well, and it is difficult to remove. Usually the removal process will leave a scar.
Let's take a look at the eye problems that can be caused by using eye cosmetics.
False eyelashes can cause entropion, a condition in which your eyelid turns inward so that your eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface, causing irritation.
Eyelid dermatitis and ocular surface irritation can also occur in response to several ingredients used in eye cosmetics, including fragrances, preservatives, antioxidants, emollients, resins, nickel-containing pigments, and pearlescent additives.
Corneal trauma is the result of mechanical injury caused, for example, by mascara wands. The mascara or eyeliner applicator almost always has bacteria on it, and therefore there is potential for infection if the cornea is scratched.
There is an increased risk of your eyes becoming infected if you use eye cosmetics regularly, as they might be contaminated with bacteria through manufacture, poor storage or use.
Conjunctivitis or pink eye is a common eye infection which has different varieties, notably viral and bacterial. Conjunctivitis typically does not threaten vision, but infections of the cornea or inside the eye are serious threats and require immediate referral to an ophthalmologist.
Corneal infection (keratitis) is less common but poses a serious risk to vision. Bacterial infection is the most common cause of infectious keratitis.
Blepharitis and meibomitis are conditions of the eyelashes and eyelids that can cause itching, redness, irritation, burning, blurred vision and/or eye pain. Both are associated with dry eye disease.
Meibomitis is a chronic inflammation of the Meibomian oil glands, which leads to ocular surface inflammation and conjunctivitis.
Blepharitis, or inflammation of the eyelids, and dry eyes often occur together, so it is not clear whether dry eye causes blepharitis or vice versa. Some ophthalmologists believe that these two conditions may be part of a single chronic eye problem called dry eye blepharitis syndrome (DEBS).
According to this theory, dry eye is simply the late manifestation of blepharitis, and treating blepharitis also will prevent, reduce or eliminate dry eye symptoms.
There are several possible causes of blepharitis, including:
Blepharitis is associated with an overgrowth of bacteria due to the accumulation of dry and/or dead skin cells in the eyelashes and at their base. It is can be the result of not removing eye makeup properly.
The bacteria create a biofilm which becomes home to Demodex mites. Also, the bacteria in the biofilm produce exotoxins that cause inflammation in the Meibomian glands, causing Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).
The Demodex folliculorum mite is a type of parasite that lives on humans, in or around hair follicles, where they feed on dead skin cells. Ocular Demodex mites love oil-rich environments, such as the Meibomian glands. It is thought that they may also survive in oil-based cosmetic products and applicators.
Most of the time, these mites are harmless and will go unnoticed. But if they multiply, they may cause blepharitis, which in turn causes MGD.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the primary causes of evaporative dry eye. If the Meibomian glands are blocked or otherwise not working properly, the tear film is compromised and tears evaporate too easily.
MGD is a relatively common affliction, and is found is as many as 60 percent of dry-eye sufferers.
MGD is sometimes accompanied by meibomitis, as noted, because of the increase in bacteria in the Meibomian gland and eyelash area.
Eyeliner and eyeshadow, and sometimes mascara, are often the culprits of blocking these glands, leading to MGD and dry eye (which is also discussed more fully below).
Ophthalmologists come across dry eye disease in their patients very frequently. Sadly, this common eye complaint can have significant effects on vision, ocular comfort, and quality of life. Dry eye can also affect the success of LASIK and cataract surgery.
Furthermore, it only gets worse over time and, if left untreated, can develop from constant eye irritation to significant inflammation, abrasion of the corneal surface and corneal ulcer and, ultimately, even loss of vision.
Dry eye is also known as:
Interestingly, dry eye is encountered more frequently amongst females, and it is thought that eye cosmetics are to blame.
Dry eye is a condition in which your eyes are unable to produce the proper tears to keep the eye moist. There are many reasons why dry eyes occur. Your tears may be deficient in quantity or quality: your tears may be evaporating too fast, or they may not have the correct balance of oil, water, and mucus to be effective.
Cosmetics can either cause or exacerbate existing dry eye disease.
Eye makeup reduces the stability of the tear film (the membrane covering your eyeball) and the quality of the lipid layer. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic cosmetic formulations migrate across the eyelid margin and enter the tear film. This is known as 'tear film contamination'.
The lipid layer is the most important component of the tear film as it reduces evaporation of the tears and gives them surface tension so that they stick to the cornea. Eye cosmetics can clog the meibomian gland openings disrupt the excretion of the oily layer. This occurs more frequently with chronic use of heavy makeup.
Eye cosmetic products increase the risk of Meibomian gland dysfunction, aggravating dry eye.
Chronic clogging of the meibomian gland orifices can lead to MGD and atrophy, resulting in irreparable loss of the gland.
Want more information on OEM ODM Cosmetics? Feel free to contact us.
The most likely cause is an eye makeup technique called 'inside liner,' which is eyeliner that is applied to the eyelid margins over the Meibomian glands so that the eyes will appear to be larger.
Another cause may be that eyeliner, eye shadow, mascara, and foundation become mixed with sweat and tears over time, and the Meibomian glands, which are positioned just behind the eyelashes, may become obstructed by a thin, oily film mixed with pigments.
Makeup debris and particles can get into the tear film and onto the cornea and conjunctiva. The particles themselves can be an irritant but also disrupt the tear film leading to a faster tear breakup and evaporation time and exposure of the corneal surface to the air.
Certain makeup, such as eyeliner, can also change the viscosity of the meibum, which will adversely affect tear stability. Cosmetic remover applied to closed eyes may still migrate inside the eye and worsen dry eye by decreasing tear film stability, thinning the tear film, and increasing evaporation.
Makeup debris and makeup remover can also coat the conjunctiva leading to dysfunction of the goblet cells which help produce the mucin layer of the tear film.
Another very real hazard in wearing eye makeup is posed by the substances used in their formulation. At best, you might be allergic; at worst, some ingredients could even be carcinogenic.
Most cosmetic products contain hazardous chemicals. The bioaccumulation of these harmful chemicals and metals in the body over time has been associated with cancer, reproductive and developmental disorders, contact dermatitis, hair loss, lung damage, ageing, skin disease and reaction, allergies, and damage of nails.
Sadly, many consumers often have no interest in what ingredients are in their makeup, even though they may be careful about what they eat. And many of the substances used in cosmetics enter into the body by inhalation, absorption and ingestion.
But here's a list to watch out for:
This is used in mascara and eyeliners to stiffen the product and make them waterproof, but it can clog the Meibomian oil glands.
Typically found in sunscreen, titanium dioxide is safe but when it's in powder form, it can be problematic and is also a possible carcinogen. Titanium dioxide is labeled as such or as TiO2.
SLS/SLES are foaming agents: they are used to create foam in items like shampoo, and they have sometimes been found to contain the carcinogen dioxane. Additionally, nitrosamines are common byproducts of the sulphation process, are believed to be carcinogenic
Baby oil and Vaseline are examples of these, which are sometimes used to remove eye makeup. Both of these are by-products of the oil industry, and are used in many cosmetics, notably eyeshadows. Because they effectively cover the skin, blocking its release of toxins, they slow down skin function and normal cell development, causing skin to age prematurely.
Almost every single conventional skincare and cosmetic product (even 'unscented' ones) contains artificial fragrances. This is arguably the most harmful ingredient used in cosmetics, as many of the compounds used in fragrances are toxic or carcinogenic. Many people are simply allergic to fragrances, but more seriously, these synthetic fragrances can affect the central nervous system, and cause skin irritation, vomiting and even hyperactivity and depression.
These are silicone based, and mostly used in moisturisers. They are toxic and can build up in the liver and gastro-intestinal system.
As colour pigments, they are found in many cosmetics, notably mascara and eyeshadow. They are considered to be carcinogenic, and at the least, often cause skin sensitivity and irritation.
This is a preservative which is known to be carcinogenic, but is still widely used in many cosmetic ranges, including Revlon and L'Occitaine. It is found, in particular, in eye shadow, as well as lipstick and skin cream. It penetrates the skin and accumulates in fatty tissue, creating free radicals that can create damage to the cells' DNA, causing cancer.
Note: This list does not include dangerous ingredients that are used in products designed for other parts of the body, such as hair or teeth. Eyes are the focus here.
Proper eye makeup use can significantly decrease the risk of complications or adverse reactions and should be discussed with all patients wearing eye cosmetics. Here are some ways to ensure make-up doesn't affect your eye health.
Review your makeup purchases, change your skin care routine, and use different techniques to apply your eye makeup, and you can still avoid or reduce dry eye or the other issues associated with makeup and eye health.
If you use an eye lubricant or spray, do this at least 30 minutes before the application of makeup. This will avoid the lubricant from washing the make-up onto the surface of your eye ('tear film contamination').
Any makeup is damaging to the eye, so try to limit the number of products you use in this area to one or two.
Don't use any cosmetic in an area where it's not supposed to be used. Don't use any cosmetics near your eyes unless they are intended specifically for that use For example, don't use lipstick as eyeshadow. You will spread bacteria and cause eye infections.
Apply mascara sparingly, applying it just to the tip of your eyelashes.
Be careful not to scratch your eye
Don't try to apply eye makeup while in a moving vehicle. You can, all too easily, scratch your cornea with an applicator, which could lead to a corneal abrasion. Corneal abrasions are potentially very painful, associated with severe discomfort, tearing and redness but more seriously can lead to bacterial infections of the cornea itself.
Be aware that there are bacteria on your hands that, if placed in the eye, could cause infections. Wash your hands before applying eye cosmetics.
Wash your brushes and applicators regularly, as they accumulate bacteria which can then damage your eyes. And absolutely do not share your makeup or applicators!
Replace brushes at least every 6-12 months and if used during an eye infection.
Sharpen your makeup pencil before use to remove the top layer of bacteria.
Do not pump the mascara brush in and out of the container since it introduces air and bacteria into the bottle.
Store your cosmetics carefully. Keep them cool, and away from dirt and moisture. Perhaps the most common eye problem associated with eye makeup is conjunctivitis, or pink eye. This is because eye makeup can easily be host to bacteria and fungi, particularly if it is old or not properly stored.
False eyelashes seem to be very popular at the moment. Never wear false eyelashes more than once, and save them for the rare, special occasion. And be careful that you're not allergic to the glue. They will nonetheless affect the health of your natural eyelashes, sometimes causing them to fall out. They also harbour germs.
Try to avoid 'volumising' and 'lengthening' mascaras as these often include fibres that can irritate the eyes. 'Thickening' mascaras are less likely to flake after drying.
Also avoid waterproof eyeliners and mascaras, as these can contribute to dry eye disease.
Makeup with a higher water content, such as liquid makeup, is more prone to bacteria and fungus buildup. To avoid this potential contamination, these cosmetics require a preservative to be added in by the manufacturer which can be a standalone irritant for the eyes.
In some cases, women who wear contact lenses may be more susceptible to eye problems related to eye makeup. There is always a possibility of makeup debris ruining the integrity of your contact lens or sliding under the surface and irritating your cornea.
Make sure you wash your hands, put in your contacts and then apply makeup to your eyes. If you apply makeup before putting on contact lenses, some of the oils or bits of makeup can smudge or get stuck on the lens and try to avoid heavy makeup close to the eye to reduce the risk of it flaking.
Whether you have symptoms or not, it's always a good idea to see your doctor for an eye exam. Your doctor can detect issues before they become a bigger and give you a list of ingredients in makeup you should avoid.
Make an appointment to see your ophthalmologist if you continue to experience:
American Optometric Association. . Cosmetics and the Eye: How Your Beauty Products Could Be Harming Your Eyes By: Tamara Petrosyan,
Bogus W, Haupert C. Old Makeup Can Cause Serious Eye Infections. (). https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=724
Eiermann HJ, Larsen W, Maibach HI, Taylor JS. Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: -. North American Contact Dermatitis Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. May;6(5):909-17.
Fisher AA.Allergic contact dermatitis due to rosin (colophony) in eyeshadow and mascara. Cutis. Dec;42(6):507-8.
Mychaskiw M. Everything You Need to Know About Permanent Makeup. (, May 01). http://www.instyle.com/beauty/permanent-makeup-guide
Okereke J. N., Udebuani A. C., Ezeji E. U., Obasi K. O., Nnoli M. C., Possible Health Implications Associated with Cosmetics: A Review, Science Journal of Public Health. Special Issue: Who Is Afraid of the Microbes. Vol. 3, No. 5-1, , pp. 58-63. doi: 10./j.sjph.s..21
Sipahi H, et al. Risk assessment of allergen metals in cosmetic products. J Cosmet Sci. SepOct;66(5):313-23.
Taub SJ. Cosmetic allergies: what goes on under your makeup. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. Apr;55(4):133-5.
Dr Nick Andrew
Ophthalmologist and Eye Surgeon Gold Coast
Level 2, 95 Nerang St, Southport QLD
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician.
All readers/viewers of this content are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions.
Neither Dr. Andrew nor the publisher of this content takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person or persons reading or following the information in this educational content.
All viewers of this content, especially those taking prescription or over-the-counter medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement or lifestyle program.
A makeup product that can flake into your eyes, such as mascara,glitter based makeups and powdered shadow, is the most potentially irritating. Women who wear cakey, flaky mascara have particles of it on the surface of their eye lids. These pieces can cause irritation, infection, corneal scratches, and discomfort.
Our eyes are sensitive, and for some people makeup that gets into or too close to the eyes can lead to an allergic reaction. If you notice irritation, itchiness, redness, or other allergic reactions stop using that makeup and if it continues then seek professional help.
Old or expired makeup is a breeding ground for bacteria and fungus that can lead to an eye infection. Another common cause of eye infections is when two people share makeup, and the first person has an eye infection. If you suspect an eye infection, schedule an emergency eye exam today.
If a piece of makeup is stuck in your eye, or if you accidentally poked yourself in the eye with an eyeliner pencil, or if you are suffering from dry eyes as a result of makeup getting in your eye and you have tried everything described above and nothing seems to help, then you should visit us for an emergency eye exam before your eyes are further damaged. For an emergency eye exam, please call your eye doctor.
Comments
0