History of Bolts
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Bolts are fasteners that are tightened by drilling a hole on the parts to be connected together and attaching a nut to the end. The history of bolts dates back to ancient times.
The history of tooth extraction dates back to B.C. Although it can be traced back to 400 BC, the most significant advances in modern bolting and screwing have been made in the last 150 years and experts have differing views on the origins of junk nuts and bolts. In his essay "Nuts and Bolts," Frederick E. Graves suggested that the history of threaded bolts and mating nuts used as fasteners dates back to the 15th century. He came to this conclusion based on the first appearance of screws printed in a book in the early 15th century.
However, Graves also notes that while the threaded bolt can be traced back to the 15th century, threadless bolts can be traced back to Roman times, when the bolts &#;were used to open the door, as the hinge of the opening and closing lid.&#; and wedge bolt: With a notch in the latch bar or screw, the wedge can be inserted to prevent the bolt from moving. He also said that the Romans even used bronze or silver to make the first screw. down or the wire is first wrapped around the screw and the thread is formed after welding.
The thread's history is even earlier, according to research by bolt expert Bill Eccles. Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC) discovered the principle of spirals and used them to make water lifting equipment. However, there are indications that the spiral pump may have originated in Egypt before the time of Archimedes. The equipment was made of wood and was used to irrigate land and drain sewage from the bottom of the ship. "Many people, however, think that the thread was invented by the Greek philosopher Archytas of Tarentum around 400 BC. Al-Hitas is called the founder of mechanics. He is the same age as Plato," Eccles wrote on his website.
History can be divided into two parts: B.C. Before and after 400, threads were introduced. People used it to lift water and squeeze grape juice. The history of fasteners is approximately 400 years. In the 15th century, Johann Gutenberg used screws in the fasteners of his presses. Later, the use of screws became increasingly common, and their use expanded further into items such as watches and armour. According to Graves, Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks of the late 15th and early 16th centuries included some designs for thread cutting machines.
However, many researchers on this subject agree that the Industrial Revolution accelerated the development of nuts and bolts and became important components in the fields of engineering and construction.
Wilbur Wilbur acknowledged in in his "HISTORY of the Nut and Bolt Industry in America" that the first machine for manufacturing bolts and screws was machined by Besson in France in . Later, Besson introduced thread cutting jigs or dies for lathes. In , the English company Hindley developed the equipment and made it widely used.
On the other side of the Atlantic in the United States, historical records of bolts can be found at America's Transportation Museum. Nuts used on vehicles in the early 19th century were flatter and later and later nuts were grooved and bolts were machined into flat heads. During this period, bolt production was a tiring and challenging process
The threads of the fasteners were initially made by hand, but soon it was necessary to speed up the production process due to the huge increase in demand. In the United Kingdom in , J and W Wyatt introduced a factory production process for mass production. However, this great development brought another challenge: each company produces its own threads, nuts and bolts, so the market is flooded with a large number of different sizes of threads, which creates a lot of problems for machine manufacturers.
By , Joseph Whitworth managed to find a solution. After years of research and the collection of sample screws from many British factories, he proposed establishing a standard for thread size in England so that bolts produced by the UK factory and nuts produced by the Glasgow factory could be used together. His recommendation is that the angle of the thread surface is based on 55 degrees and the number of thread locks per inch is defined according to different diameters.
Once this problem was solved in the UK, the Americans began to solve the same problem and use Wyeth's piece. In , William Sellers proposed a 60-degree thread profile and various pitches that could be applied to different diameters. This later evolved into the American standard coarse tooth series and fine tooth series. One advantage of US standards over British standards is that their thread profiles have straight roots and tops. It is easier to produce than the Wyeth standard, with a rounded base and crest. However, Wyeth's teeth have been found to perform better in dynamic applications, and the rounded teeth of Wyeth's teeth may increase the aging problem.
During the First World War, the lack of uniform standards for threads in different countries became a major obstacle in the war of resistance; During World War II, the issue became even more serious for the Allied forces. In , the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada agreed on a unified standard thread and used it as the standard for all countries using imperial units. The thread profile used in this standard is similar to the DIN metric thread developed in Germany in . This is the Wyeth thread profile (circular thread base for advanced aging problems) and the Celes screw thread (60 degree side angle and flat crown). The best combination. However, the longer base radius of the uniform standard thread has proven to be more suitable than the DIN metric thread form. This led to the creation of the ISO metric thread, the standard widely used in all industrialized countries today.
In recent years, people working in this industry have witnessed many adjustments to the bolts. &#;I started participating in this industry 35 years ago when the advantages of bolts were not as obvious as they are today,&#; Eccles said. With the introduction of the modern metric category and recent updates to relevant ISO standards, bolt forces are now defined and used. Testing methods to determine its properties are clearer. "
As the raw material industry developed further, the DNA of bolts also changed from steel to other new materials to meet ever-changing industry demands. Nickel-based alloys have developed over the last two decades. Nickel-based alloys can operate in high-temperature environments, such as in turbochargers and engines, and steel performs poorly in this environment. Recent research has focused on light metal bolts such as aluminum, magnesium and titanium.
Today's bolting technology has grown significantly compared to handmade bolts and screws, and customers can only choose alkaline steel nuts and bolts.
I always thought that the pulley was one of Archimedes&#; many inventions. I was wrong. Apparently, pulleys were used in Ancient Egypt and also in Mesopotamia as early as BCE. At the time they were simple single fixed-axle or movable-axle with only a 1x or 2x mechanical advantage.
So single wheel pulleys existed, they did the job, and no one questioned them.
Then along comes Archimedes (287 BCE&#;212 BCE) and develops a way more efficient system; a block and tackle system with compound pulleys; that is, multiple pulleys in series to amplify the mechanical advantage.
He 10x&#;ed it. Literally!
Archimedes was also known for using a screw driver to construct devices to raise water. It is argued that this is possibly the origin of the common threaded screw or bolt.
Wooden bolts with wooden square nuts were used by the Greeks soon after. Another great invention - because a simple tool could be used on the square head to tighten the nut in place.
If you are interested enough to read about it, there is a lot of debate over the origin of the bolt and nut. Some literature suggests that a threaded bolt with nut only dates back to the 15th century, some say much earlier.
What we know for sure is that the 18th century machining and forging allowed quantities of nuts to be made from steel, with the obvious advantage of smaller size and significantly greater strength. Square steel nuts were still common on the machinery of that era - but square nuts were large and required a lot of room to tighten.
Hexagonal bolts and nuts became popular during the early 19th century. The hex nut offered more angles for tightening than a square nut, was not as susceptible to &#;rounding&#; as octagonal nuts, and used less material to manufacture. Further evolution of the &#;fastener&#; solution. Mass manufacture and standardisation then followed.
Hex nuts have become an essential part of modern life; domestic, military, construction, mining, and .... well, everywhere!
But the story does not stop there.
As we know, getting a hex nut on is easy: turn it to tighten. Usually removing them is easy too, turn them in the other direction. But imagine you need to remove 100&#;s of hex nuts, and many of them have seized. This is a common occurrence in mining, for example, where applications like wear plates and chute liners are attached with hex nuts and are damaged or corroded in normal use.
So like this, but x100. Or more.
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The removal options in such a case would be either angle grinding them off, hydraulic splitting the nuts or even oxyacetylene cutting. Far from ideal, and very time-consuming.
"There is always a better way." - Thomas A. Edison
Let me introduce you to the Segnut.
Like Archimedes, who took an idea that existed and dramatically improved it to solve a problem, Segnut has solved the problem of hex nut removal.
It looks like this;
... and works like this;
The inner section has three segments, held captive by an outer sleeve. When the outer sleeve is turned (in the tightening direction), the Segnut releases from the bolt and simply falls away, even when rusted, worn or damaged. They even have advantages when tightening them on, but that&#;s another story.
Obviously Segnuts have multiple applications across several diverse industries, including mining, infrastructure, oil and gas, marine and construction.
Really, anywhere that nut removal time is critical, difficult or dangerous.
"In the world of multi-billion dollar mining enterprises, maintenance shutdowns are inevitable and costly. Just one hour of maintenance downtime can result in hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost revenue." - Curtin University: Optimising maintenance shutdowns in the mining industry Aug 26, .
Using Segnuts reduces nut removal time by up to 95% when compared to conventional hex nuts.
BHP alone uses approximately 450,000 hex nuts as retainers for wear liners across its iron ore operations each year.
Thats a lot of time that can be saved.
The other big benefit is safety. Using Segnuts eliminates the risks from dangerous work practices that may result from hot works.
Mining companies are, understandably, excited about this next evolution of nut technology. BHP has now adopted Segnut for its Iron Ore Operations in Western Australia. In the first instance, the intent is to use Segnuts in applications where fire risk is high, approximately 180,000 to 200,000 nuts per year.
Just as Archimedes&#; invention of the compound pulley revolutionised the use of pulleys in specific applications, I foresee Segnuts eventually being the new standard for all applications requiring fast nut removal.
&#;Innovation is seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.&#; &#;Dr. Albert Szent-Györgyi
Hopefully this short article will inspire someone to look at some old problem with a new perspective, and invent something that will change the world in a better way. Opportunities are certainly out there if we are open to them.
What innovations or inventions have you seen recently?
Disclosure; The Segnut was invented by my brother, Brian, and I have a financial interest in Segnut Pty Ltd. This was, however, intended as story of invention and innovation, of Aussie ingenuity rather than a sales pitch. Many of the companies that will benefit from Segnuts are already aware of the better outcomes for those applications and have them a trials or in use.
References;
Ancient Greece: Archimedes. http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Archimedes/ [Accessed 16 December ].
Interesting Engineering: 7 Amazing inventions from Archimedes. https://interestingengineering.com/7-amazing-inventions-from-archimedes [Accessed 16 December ].
Ronstan Industrial: How Pulleys changed the World. https://blog.ronstanindustrial.com/how-pulley-system-changed-the-world [Accessed 16 December ].
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Archimedes screw. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Archimedes-screw [Accessed 17 December ].
It Still Runs: The history of Hex head Nuts & Bolts. https://itstillruns.com/history-hex-head-nuts-bolts-.html. [Accessed 16 December ].
Hand tool preservation society of WA: Nuts and Bolts, May 26, https://sites.google.com/site/handtoolswa/articles/boltsandnuts [Accessed 16 December ]
Stack Exchange: Why are nuts 6-sided? https://engineering.stackexchange.com/questions//why-are-nuts-6-sided [Accessed 16 December ]
Curtin University: Optimising maintenance shutdowns in the mining industry Aug 26, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiBY7_nGZPQ. [Accessed 16 December ]
Australia&#;s Mining Monthly: Segnut achieves further trials success , Dec 5, https://www.miningmonthly.com/partners/partner-content//segnut-achieves-further-trials-success [Accessed 16 December ]
Segnut Pty Ltd: BHP Confirms Segnut as an Approved Product https://segnut.com/news/bhp-confirms-segnut-as-an-approved-product. [Accessed 16 December ]
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