When it comes to lead acid batteries, two popular options are flooded (sometimes referred to as conventional) batteries and AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) batteries. While both serve the purpose of energy storage, they have unique differences in construction, maintenance, performance, and applications.
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In this blog post, we will explore the key differences between flooded batteries and AGM batteries to help you make an informed choice for your specific needs.
What is the difference between flooded batteries and AGM batteries?
Flooded Batteries
Flooded batteries, also known as wet cell batteries, have a traditional design that consists of lead plates submerged in a liquid electrolyte solution. The plates are separated by separators, and the electrolyte level must be monitored and periodically topped off with distilled water. These batteries typically require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
Maintenance activities include checking and maintaining proper fluid levels by adding distilled water as necessary, monitoring the specific gravity of the electrolyte, and performing periodic equalization charging to address electrolyte stratification.
They have a specific charging regimen necessary for optimal performance. The charging rate for flooded batteries is usually expressed as a percentage of the battery’s capacity (C-rate). The recommended charging rate for these batteries is generally less than 10% of their total capacity. For instance, a 100Ah flooded battery should be charged at a rate of 10A or less.
Charging at a slower rate ensures a complete and thorough charge, allowing the electrolyte to mix properly to minimize the risk of stratification. To learn more about C-rates, visit Battery University’s article, “What is C-rate?”.
The bulk charge voltage for a 12V flooded lead-acid battery is typically around 14.2 volts, used during the bulk charging stage for quickly replenishing the battery's charge. In this stage, a constant current is applied to the battery for efficient energy restoration.
However, this specific bulk voltage can vary based on the battery manufacturer, design, and temperature conditions. Meanwhile, the float charge voltage is usually set at about 13.4 volts, maintaining a fully charged state during standby or maintenance mode. During float charging, a lower voltage is applied compared to the bulk charging phase, preventing overcharging or excessive gassing.
AGM Batteries
AGM batteries feature a sealed design with a fiberglass mat that is soaked in electrolyte. This mat is placed between the lead plates, essentially immobilizing the electrolyte. As a result, AGM batteries do not require the addition of water or electrolyte level checks, eliminating maintenance tasks associated with fluid levels.
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Their charging profile differs from that of flooded batteries. AGM batteries typically have a more controlled charging approach, with a recommended charging rate around 10-25% of their total capacity. The unique glass mat separator design allows AGM batteries to be charged at higher rates due to reduced internal resistance and better charge acceptance. The separator tightly holds the electrolyte in place, preventing spillage and excessive gassing, allowing for faster charging without damaging the battery. For more information on AGM technology, visit our blog post, “The Complete Guide to AGM Batteries.”
The bulk charge voltage of a 12V AGM lead acid battery is generally around 14.7 volts, with a float charge voltage typically at 13.8 volts.
When should a flooded or AGM battery be used?
The decision between AGM and flooded batteries should depend on the intended application, budget, and charging control available.
Consider the specific requirements of your application. Flooded batteries are suitable where cost-effectiveness is a priority and regular maintenance can be performed. They are capable of handling high discharge rates and provide greater surge current than AGM batteries, making them ideal for high-power output applications like automotive starting, off-grid renewable energy systems, and heavy-duty industrial equipment.
In contrast, AGM batteries are perfect for sealed, maintenance-free setups. They exhibit a lower self-discharge rate than flooded batteries, allowing them to retain their charge over extended periods of inactivity—a significant advantage for infrequent or seasonal use. Additionally, their glass mat separator enhances resistance to vibration and shock, making them widely used for deep-cycle storage in RVs and boats, backup power systems, renewable energy storage, and UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems.
Budgetary considerations are crucial as well. Flooded batteries necessitate periodic upkeep, like checking and topping off electrolyte levels, performing equalization charges, and monitoring specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the electrolyte to the density of water). This maintenance can increase costs and effort over time. Conversely, while AGM batteries may have a higher initial cost, their convenience and durability could lead to reduced long-term expenses.
Examine the charging control your system facilitates; AGM batteries might necessitate more advanced charging systems to prevent overcharging, while flooded batteries can endure higher charging voltages. We recommend reviewing our guide on charging sealed lead acid batteries.
Are AGM Batteries safer than flooded?
Flooded batteries tend to release gases, such as hydrogen and oxygen, during charging and discharging, requiring proper ventilation to prevent hazardous gas accumulation. The liquid electrolyte in flooded batteries poses risks of leakage and corrosion if not handled maintainanced properly.
On the other hand, AGM batteries possess recombination capabilities, allowing them to recombine emitted gases during charging. This process significantly reduces hazardous gas emissions, making AGM batteries a safer choice for enclosed spaces. Their sealed design further eliminates risks related to electrolyte leakage and corrosion.
Conclusion
Flooded batteries and AGM batteries present distinct characteristics, advantages, and considerations. Flooded batteries necessitate regular maintenance and fluid checks, while AGM batteries offer a maintenance-free experience. While flooded batteries manage higher discharge rates, AGM batteries provide convenience, safety, and superior resistance to vibrations and shocks. Understanding these differences will empower you to choose the right battery type based on your application requirements, maintenance preferences, and safety needs.
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