Building reliable and resilient IoT-based smart metering systems is essential to minimize maintenance costs and contribute to the efficiency and sustainability of our critical infrastructure.
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Smart meters enhance efficiency in essential systems and must be able to withstand environmental and operational challenges throughout their lifecycle. But regulatory and compliance requirements at both international and local levels add to the technical challenges of designing IoT-based smart metering systems.
Designing for reliability requires careful attention to hardware and software design, component selection, and testing and compliance processes. If you&#;re a technical manager, an engineer, or a systems designer we included some practical considerations in this guide.
What are smart meters?
Smart meters are electronic devices that allow for a more efficient and reliable way to monitor critical infrastructure with the support of advanced features such as leak detection mechanisms, time-of-use pricing, demand management programs, detection of unauthorized use, and even encourage conservation.
Smart metering offers a wide range of benefits for both utilities and consumers, including:
- Improved billing accuracy and efficiency
- Reduced operational costs through remote meter reading and management
- Enhanced energy efficiency and demand management
- Better outage detection and response
- More granular and timely consumption data for informed decision-making
- Enablement of new pricing models and demand response programs
The energy and utility industries are poised to undergo transformation as data and IoT are integrated into smart metering systems, as detailed here.
How smart meters work
Smart meters are stationary IoT devices that incorporate digital technology to allow for timely transmission of consumption data to utility providers and enable remote meter management and billing.
Unlike traditional meters that require manual readings, smart meters are equipped with sophisticated two-way communication systems. These systems not only facilitate efficient data transmission but also allow the meters to receive firmware updates and operational commands, enhancing their functionality and responsiveness to utility needs.
What is AMI?
Modern smart metering systems rely on Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in contrast with AMR or Automatic Meter Reading.
AMI is an integrated system of smart meters, communication networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between utilities and customers.
Both AMI and AMR eliminate the need for manual reading but AMR only facilitates one-way communication, limiting its capabilities.
AMI systems typically include:
- Smart meters installed at customer premises
- Connectivity that enable data transmission between meters and utilities
- Head-end systems that manage meter data and enable remote meter management
- Meter Data Management Systems (MDMS) that store, analyze, and process meter data
Designing secure and reliable smart metering systems necessitates dealing with layers of logistics and technical complexities. Setting aside the hardware requirements, incorporating robust security protocols, maintaining trust and regulatory compliance within the evolving smart metering infrastructure, are some of the most common rollout challenges in smart metering.
Key considerations for smart meter design
Designing smart metering systems is a tough balancing act with many considerations beyond building the device. One important guideline is to set reliability goals from the beginning as it can have far-reaching implications for the system&#;s performance, scalability, and resilience.
The initial design stage sets precedence to the system lifetime of smart meters. At this stage, choosing components that balance cost, performance, and durability is critical for device manufacture. This comprises a comprehensive approach to minimizing the complete Bill of Materials (BoM), which encompasses both physical components and communication protocols, including connectivity.
But whether you&#;re in the process of finding hardware components or reliable solution partners, these principles should be incorporated early in the design process to avoid costly mistakes and ensure that smart metering systems are built on a solid foundation.
Here&#;s a general guideline to implementing reliable and resilient smart metering systems:
- Consider real-world environments (will the device be underground, in a remote location, or is accessibility more important)
- Adhere to industry and regulatory standards for data formats, communication protocols, security, and overall device requirements
- Design for interoperability and backward compatibility
- Incorporate security features from the ground up
- Plan for scalability and future growth
Building IoT-based smart metering systems
A compound annual growth rate of 11% is expected for smart meters, according to Gartner, where each type of smart meter has its own unique requirements in terms of accuracy, durability, and communication protocols. Some unique requirements when designing smart meters could be:
- Electricity meters: More frequent data collection (15-minute to hourly intervals).
- Gas meters: Adequately sealed and durable against environmental conditions, and can reliably maintain reading accuracy over the entire range of its operating parameters.
- Water meters: Can withstand harsh outdoor conditions and operate reliably for long periods without maintenance.
Keep in mind these six aspects of building a robust smart metering system to balance current goals, budgets, and timelines, with a system that is designed to last for 5 to 10 years under difficult environments and varying compliance requirements.
1. Hardware
Similar to other IoT devices, smart meters typically include the following hardware components:
- Various sensors: to measure consumption, vibrations, temperature, etc.
- Power source: Some smart meters may be required a direct power source, but batteries are usually required for backup power and remote operations
- Data management: Microprocessors and memory to process and manage data and configurations settings
- Communication modules for transmitting data: Depending on the system architecture, smart meters integrate a combination of communication technologies such as cellular connectivity (e.g. NB-IoT or LTE-M), power line communication (PLC), or radio frequency (RF) mesh
- Displays: Unlike other IoT device builds, smart meters usually require displays for showing consumption data and other information. It has to be secure and tamper-proof.
2. Software
It is also worth noting that smart meters&#; general functionality should be improved through firmware and software. It is vital to design software that is modular, scalable, and easily updated. Ensure that a secure over-the-air (OTA) management is possible.
3. Standards and regulations
Regulations and certifications ensure that devices meet performance, safety, and interoperability requirements before they are deployed in the field. However, it can be easy to get lost with the many standards across the industry at both national and international levels.
Components and implementation must be certified for accuracy, performance, reliability, security, safety, and interoperability that are highly dependent on regional requirements. There are also some variations on smart meter requirements for energy, gas, or water. Some examples of certifications and regulations are:
- Critical Entities Resilience Directive (CER)
- Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA)
- EU regulations on smart grids and meters
- IEEE - &#; Standard for Intelligent Electronic Devices Cyber Security Capabilities
- IEC and : These international standards specify requirements for the construction, testing, and performance of electricity metering equipment.
&#; One strategy to navigate compliance requirements is to seek out reliable partners who manage certifications at various levels. Compliance experts can save you time and costly mistakes.
4. Connectivity
Connectivity tethers on-site smart meters to the utility station. And when talking about smart meters capability to deliver timely meter data, it would not be possible without connectivity. So not only should it have reliable coverage, connectivity can also work to improve operational excellence with various network services.
Quality of coverage
Because they are often installed in obscure locations, the coverage quality has to be reliable. While there are some ways to improve signal integrity, connectivity must still be secure, and downtime should be reduced. The ideal connectivity option should enable transmission of data for continuity of service.
&#; Onomondo gives you access to 650+ RANs worldwide and increased uptime and coverage on 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE-M, or NB-IoT. Read more about our connectivity solution for smart meters.
Minimizes compliance risks
A simplified connectivity solution can help meet the numerous regulatory criteria required to deploy smart metering systems. For example, Onomondo&#;s global network uses a single APN, meaning there won&#;t be complicated connectivity setup for devices for each and every location. Additionally, you own the full rights to IMSI, Ki, and OPC keys, which helps with interoperability.
Streamlines remote management and diagnostics
When issues arise, the ability to debug and troubleshoot remotely means there&#;s less need to send down a maintenance officer to check what the cause is. Having access to debugging tools to gain access to network, traffic, and signaling logs provides immediate insights into what is happening with your smart meter connectivity. As an example, you can see if the device is online, and if not, when was it last online and if there are other devices that are having issues.
Supports device lifespan
Smart meters need to be able to adapt to future adjustments to improve its lifespan. Connectivity contracts usually last around 5 years and if there are any changes that need to happen on or before that time, our freedom to leave solution allows you to transfer operators as needed throughout the device&#;s lifespan. This makes it convenient for smart metering to prioritize their connectivity needs, as opposed to having to visit each and every single smart metering device to replace SIMs.
&#; SoftSIM is a software-only SIM that requires no physical SIM chips to establish network connectivity onto the device. This means remote management is easier and easier on the device battery consumption. Learn more about SoftSIM here.
5. Data integrity
Smarts meters make accurate data more reliable for both customers and utility companies. To ensure billing accuracy, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency, some strategies that enhance data integrity and availability, include:
- Implement data validation techniques that check for errors, anomalies, and inconsistencies in meter data
- Secure communication protocols to protect meter data from unauthorized access or tampering.
- Design redundancy, backup, and disaster recovery capabilities in the event of a failure.
- Have data governance policies and procedures in place that define roles and processes for managing and securing meter data throughout its lifecycle.
6. Security
Security issues include data privacy and integrating legacy systems, as well as external threats like physical tampering and malware. In fact, security is one of the top concerns for many utility operators.
Ensuring end-to-end security requires a comprehensive approach that addresses security at every layer of the system, from the physical meter to the back-end IT infrastructure and even securing connectivity.
Common strategies in securing IoT-based smart metering systems include:
- Development practices, such as code review, testing, and vulnerability scanning will help identify and remediate security weaknesses in meter firmware
- Encryption and authentication protocols
- Key management and access control
- Monitoring
- Incidence response
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Designing IoT-based smart metering systems for reliability and resilience
Overall, smart meters introduce opportunities for efficiency. It is estimated that smart meters create up to 2-10% energy savings, and an average savings of &#;230 for gas and &#;270 for electricity per metering point (divided among consumers, suppliers, distribution system operators, and so on), according to a study done by the EU.
Building IoT-based smart metering systems for utilities like gas, water, and power offer accessible tools for reliable measurements that limit fraud, help detect leakages, and prevent outages &#; all of which are beneficial to bottomline goals that satisfy customers and operational excellence that can also have an impact on sustainable targets.
Ensuring the longevity and performance of smart meters over their lifespan is critical for achieving a positive ROI and minimizing maintenance costs. By implementing the strategies and best practices early on in the design stages and throughout the device lifespan, it will be more manageable to create smart metering systems that are built to last longer and deliver value for years to come.
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Join our upcoming webinar to discover how Onomondo can simplify your IoT connectivity needs.
Our experts will discuss our comprehensive offering, which includes global IoT connectivity, a user-friendly SIM management platform, advanced software SIM technology, and powerful debugging tools.
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Resources
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Alaton, C., Tounquet, F. (). Benchmarking smart metering deployment in the EU-28 : final report, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10./
The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming industries and everyday life by connecting devices in ways that were previously unimaginable. From smart homes to industrial automation, IoT devices are becoming increasingly integral. However, for these devices to function flawlessly, a reliable IoT router is essential. This guide will help you navigate the key factors to consider when selecting the perfect IoT router for your needs.
Here's what we'll cover:
1. Understanding IoT/M2M Routers: We'll start with the basics, explaining what IoT/M2M routers are and why they are essential.
2. Key Features to Consider: Learn about the crucial features that can make or break your IoT/M2M setup.
3. Assessing Your Project Needs: Discover how to evaluate your unique requirements to find the best router for your application.
4. Popular Brands, Models and Real world use cases: Explore a selection of leading brands and models currently available in the market, along with insights into the industries and specific use cases where they excel.
5. Buying Tips and Best Practices: Gain insights into making an informed purchase and ensuring long-term success.
By the end of this guide, you'll have the knowledge and confidence to choose the right IoT/M2M router that meets your specific needs and sets your project up for success.
1. Understanding IoT/M2M Routers
Definition and Role of IoT/M2M Routers in Projects
IoT (Internet of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) routers are specialized networking devices designed to facilitate the communication between various devices and systems in an IoT ecosystem. These routers serve as the backbone of IoT projects, enabling devices to connect, communicate, and exchange data efficiently. They are built to handle the unique demands of IoT environments, such as managing large volumes of data, ensuring low latency, and providing robust security features. The primary role of IoT/M2M routers is to ensure reliable connectivity, whether through cellular networks, Wi-Fi, or other communication protocols, thereby enabling real-time data transfer and remote management of devices.
Difference Between IoT/M2M Routers and Standard Routers
While standard routers are designed for general internet access and typical home or office networking, IoT/M2M routers are tailored for more specific and demanding applications. Standard routers primarily focus on providing high-speed internet access for multiple users, whereas IoT/M2M routers prioritize reliable, secure, and often long-range communication between devices. IoT/M2M routers are equipped with features like multiple SIM card slots for cellular redundancy, support for various IoT protocols (such as MQTT and CoAP), and enhanced security measures to protect sensitive data. Additionally, they often come with ruggedized designs to withstand harsh environmental conditions, making them suitable for industrial applications.
Common Applications and Industries Using IoT/M2M Routers
IoT/M2M routers are widely used across various industries and applications. In smart cities, they enable the management of public utilities, traffic systems, and surveillance networks. In agriculture, they facilitate precision farming by connecting sensors and automated equipment. The healthcare sector uses these routers for remote patient monitoring and telemedicine services. Manufacturing industries rely on IoT/M2M routers for predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring of machinery. Other applications include fleet management in transportation, energy monitoring in smart grids, and environmental monitoring in disaster management systems. The versatility and reliability of IoT/M2M routers make them indispensable in any project requiring robust and secure device connectivity.
2. Key Features to Consider:
Connectivity Options
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Related articles:What Are OEM Robotic Floor Cleaners Benefits?For IoT projects requiring wide-area coverage and mobility, cellular connectivity is crucial. Modern IoT/M2M routers support 4G/LTE and the emerging 5G networks, offering high-speed data transfer and low latency. This is particularly beneficial for applications in remote areas or where wired connections are impractical. The ability to switch between networks ensures consistent connectivity, even in challenging environments.
It's important to note that 2G/3G cellular technologies are being decommissioned in more and more regions worldwide. This phase-out is driven by the need to repurpose the spectrum for more advanced technologies like 4G and 5G. As a result, devices relying on 2G connectivity may soon face compatibility issues, making it imperative to invest in routers that support newer cellular technologies.
In addition to mainstream LTE, specialized LTE technologies such as LTE-M (LTE for Machines) and NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) are emerging. These technologies are designed for IoT applications that require low power consumption and minimal data usage. LTE-M and NB-IoT offer extended battery life and enhanced coverage, making them ideal for applications like smart metering, asset tracking, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating these technologies into your IoT/M2M router ensures future-proof connectivity and efficient operation.
Ethernet connectivity provides a reliable and high-speed wired connection, ideal for stationary IoT devices and systems. It ensures stable data transfer rates and is less susceptible to interference compared to wireless options. Ethernet ports are essential for integrating IoT routers into existing wired network infrastructures, making them suitable for industrial and enterprise applications.
Wi-Fi connectivity offers flexibility and ease of deployment, especially in indoor environments. IoT/M2M routers with Wi-Fi capabilities can connect multiple devices wirelessly, reducing the need for extensive cabling. This is particularly useful in smart home applications, retail environments, and temporary setups where rapid deployment is required.
Security Features
Virtual Private Network (VPN) support is vital for secure remote access and data transmission. IoT/M2M routers with built-in VPN capabilities enable encrypted connections, protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access. This is essential for applications involving confidential information, such as healthcare and financial services.
Robust encryption protocols, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), ensure data security during transmission. IoT/M2M routers must support strong encryption standards to safeguard data integrity and prevent cyber-attacks. This is critical for industries where data breaches can have severe consequences, like banking and government sectors.
Integrated firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDS) provide an additional layer of security by monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic. These features help prevent unauthorized access and detect potential threats in real-time, making IoT/M2M routers more secure for critical applications.
Reliability and Durability
IoT/M2M routers designed with industrial-grade components offer enhanced durability and longevity. These routers can withstand harsh operating conditions, making them suitable for use in manufacturing plants, outdoor installations, and other demanding environments.
Routers with environmental resistance features, such as protection against extreme temperatures, humidity, and dust, ensure reliable performance in diverse conditions. This is crucial for outdoor and industrial applications where environmental factors can impact device functionality.
Redundancy features like dual SIM slots and failover options ensure continuous connectivity. In case of a network failure, the router can switch to an alternative connection, minimizing downtime and maintaining data flow. This is essential for mission-critical applications where uninterrupted connectivity is paramount.
Power Management
Efficient power consumption is a key consideration, especially for battery-operated or solar-powered IoT devices. IoT/M2M routers should be designed to minimize power usage while maintaining optimal performance, extending the operational lifespan of the entire system.
Backup battery options provide an additional power source during outages, ensuring continuous operation. This feature is particularly important for applications in remote or critical environments where power reliability is a concern.
Power over Ethernet (PoE) capability allows IoT/M2M routers to receive power and data through a single Ethernet cable. This simplifies installation, reduces wiring complexity, and ensures consistent power delivery, making it ideal for deployments in challenging locations.
Ease of Management
Remote management capabilities enable administrators to monitor, configure, and troubleshoot IoT/M2M routers from any location. This is crucial for large-scale deployments where on-site management is impractical, enhancing operational efficiency.
A user-friendly interface simplifies the setup and management process, reducing the learning curve for users. Intuitive dashboards and easy-to-navigate menus make it easier to configure settings, monitor performance, and address issues promptly.
Regular firmware updates and robust customer support are essential for maintaining the security and functionality of IoT/M2M routers. Access to timely updates ensures that routers are protected against emerging threats and can benefit from the latest features and improvements
3. Assessing Your Project Needs
Determining Data Throughput Requirements
Understanding the data throughput requirements of your IoT project is crucial for selecting the right connectivity solution. Calculate the total data volume your devices will generate and the frequency of data transmission. For instance, a smart metering application may need low data rates but frequent updates, while video surveillance systems require high data throughput. Ensure that your network can handle peak data loads to avoid bottlenecks. Consider both uplink and downlink speeds, and factor in future scalability to accommodate increased data demands as your project grows.
Evaluating the Geographical Deployment Area
The geographical deployment area significantly influences your choice of connectivity solutions. Local deployments might benefit from Wi-Fi or Ethernet, while global projects often require cellular networks. Assess whether a global modem with multi-band support is necessary to ensure seamless connectivity across different regions. Also, consider the availability of network infrastructure in your deployment areas. Remote or rural locations may require satellite or long-range radio solutions. Understanding the geographical context helps in selecting a reliable and cost-effective connectivity option.
Considering the Scale and Expansion Plans of the Project
When planning your IoT project, consider both current scale and future expansion. If you anticipate scaling up, choose a connectivity solution that supports remote updates and management to minimize onsite visits. Ensure that your hardware and software SKUs remain stable to avoid compatibility issues during expansion. Scalable solutions like cloud-based management platforms can simplify device monitoring and updates. Plan for additional devices and increased data traffic to ensure that your network infrastructure can handle growth without significant modifications.
Identifying Specific Environmental Conditions and Constraints
Environmental conditions play a critical role in determining the type of connectivity hardware required. For instance, devices deployed in harsh environments may need ruggedized modems and antennas. Assess factors such as temperature extremes, humidity, and physical obstructions that could affect signal strength. Determine optimal mounting locations for antennas to ensure reliable connectivity. In industrial settings, consider interference from machinery and other electronic devices. Tailoring your hardware to environmental conditions ensures longevity and consistent performance.
Budget Considerations
Budget constraints are a key factor in planning your IoT project. While initial hardware and connectivity costs are important, also consider long-term expenses such as maintenance and onsite visits. Remote management capabilities can significantly reduce operational costs by minimizing the need for physical interventions. Evaluate the total cost of ownership, including potential downtime costs if the network fails. Investing in reliable, scalable solutions upfront can lead to cost savings in the long run by reducing maintenance and downtime expenses.
How Will the Router Communicate with the Application
Understanding how your router will communicate with the application is essential for seamless data transmission. Determine the ports and protocols required for communication. For instance, MQTT and HTTP are common protocols in IoT applications. Ensure that your router supports these protocols and has the necessary security features, such as VPNs and firewalls, to protect data integrity. Consider remote access capabilities for troubleshooting and updates. Secure, reliable communication between the router and application is vital for the success of your IoT project.
4. Popular Brands, Models and Real world use cases
Overview of Leading Brands on the Market
When it comes to IoT connectivity, several brands stand out for their reliability, performance, and versatility. Leading brands include Cradlepoint, Sierra Wireless, Digi, Teltonika, and Peplink. Each offers a range of devices tailored to various use cases, from ruggedized routers for harsh environments to enterprise-grade solutions for large-scale deployments. Below, we provide an overview and comparison of popular models from these brands to help you choose the best fit for your project.
Cradlepoint
- IBR900 Series Ruggedized Router: Ideal for mobile and IoT applications, offering advanced LTE connectivity, GPS, and robust security features. Best for vehicles and outdoor deployments.
- IBR Series Ruggedized Router: Designed for in-vehicle networks, providing high performance with dual-modem support, advanced security, and extensive I/O options. Suitable for public safety and transportation applications needing dual-modem support and extensive I/O options.
- E Series Enterprise Router: A powerful enterprise-grade router with 5G support, SD-WAN capabilities, and comprehensive security features. Perfect for large-scale enterprise deployments requiring high throughput and reliability.
Teltonika
- RUT241: A compact, cost-effective router with 4G LTE support. Ideal for small-scale IoT applications with basic connectivity needs..
- RUT360: Offers dual-SIM support, 4G LTE, and Wi-Fi, making it versatile for various IoT and M2M applications. Best for applications requiring reliable failover connectivity with dual-SIM support.
Peplink
- Peplink BR1 Mini 5G: Provides 5G connectivity in a compact form factor. Ideal for urban deployments needing fast and reliable 5G internet speeds.
- Peplink MAX BR1 Mini LTE-A: Features LTE-A connectivity with GPS and advanced security. Best for mobile applications such as fleet management and remote monitoring.
Sierra Wireless
- AirLink LX40: A compact LTE router with Ethernet and Wi-Fi options, designed for IoT and enterprise applications. Ideal for fixed deployments needing secure, reliable connectivity.
- AirLink LX60: Offers LTE connectivity with dual Ethernet ports and Wi-Fi, suitable for small business and IoT applications needing secure, manageable connectivity.
- AirLink RV55: A rugged, compact LTE router with advanced security features, designed for harsh environments. Best for industrial IoT and remote monitoring.
Digi
- Digi IX10 LTE CAT 4: A compact, cost-effective router with LTE Cat 4 support, suitable for basic IoT applications. Ideal for remote monitoring and control.
- Digi IX20 LTE CAT 4 with Wi-Fi: Provides LTE Cat 4 connectivity with integrated Wi-Fi, making it versatile for various IoT applications. Best for scenarios requiring both cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity.
- Digi IX30 LTE CAT 4 Global + GNSS: A rugged, high-performance router with global LTE Cat 4 support and GNSS, designed for demanding environments. Ideal for industrial IoT and asset tracking.
5. Buying Tips and Best Practices
It's essential to go beyond the technical specifications before buying an Iot router and consider practical aspects that will impact your project's success. Here are some actionable tips and best practices to guide you through the buying process:
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