Everything You Need To Know To Find The Best Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor

What are Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors?

Corrosion and scale inhibitors are tailored chemicals that delay or prevent corrosion and/or scale formation when added in small concentrations in water that would normally create scale deposits. A day-to-day example is prevention of limescale in washing machines. Corrosion is the deterioration and loss of a material and its critical properties due to chemical, electrochemical and other reactions of the exposed material surface with the surrounding environment. In , Professor Langelier&#;s research best described water corrosion or scale deposition tendency. He gave conditions in which water is balanced with calcium carbonate, making it possible to predict the likelihood of a given water to either precipitate or dissolve calcium carbonate. Scale inhibitors or antiscalants are generally organic compounds containing sulphonate, phosphate, or carboxylic acid functional groups and chelating agents such as carbon, alum and zeolites that sequester and neutralize a particular ion that may be formed. 

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So how can scale inhibition be achieved? &#; Either by adding substances that react with the potential scale-forming substances so that thermodynamically, a stable region is reached or by adding substances that suppress crystal growth. Low dosages of chemicals are used to prevent scale for extended periods for either surface or equipment treatments. Scale inhibitors are most often used as prevention techniques to reduce the scaling risks in near-wellbore locations and wellbore. In this article we seek to answer the following questions:

• What are the different types of corrosion and scale inhibitors?
• What are some of the theories behind the mechanism of action?
• Is there a selection criteria of corrosion and scale inhibitors?
• What are the advantages of corrosion and scale inhibitors?
• Are there limitations of corrosion and scale inhibitors?
• Where are some of the applications of corrosion and scale inhibitors?

What are the different types of corrosion inhibitors?

A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that, when added to a liquid or gas, decreases the corrosion rate of a material, typically a metal or an alloy, that meets the fluid. The chemicals react with the metal surface or the environmental gases causing erosion, thereby, interrupting the chemical reaction that causes corrosion. The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor depends on fluid composition, quantity of water, and flow regime.  Inhibitors can work by adsorbing themselves on the metal&#;s surface and forming a protective film. 

The different types of corrosion inhibitors include:

• Anodic inhibitors &#; metal loss occurs at the anode, so it is important to protect it.
• Cathodic inhibitors &#; by acting as sacrificial anodes, they protect the cathode by reacting themselves first, in place of iron or steel.
• Mixed inhibitors &#; exhibit both anodic and cathodic protection from corrosion.
• Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors (VCI) &#; mainly consist of amino salts or nitrile compounds, it forms a thin barrier on packaging surface to protect metal surfaces by preventing rust and corrosion. 

What are the different types of scale inhibitors?

Scale inhibitors can coarsely be classified as organic and inorganic. The inorganic types include condensed phosphate, such as poly(metaphosphate)s or phosphate salts. Suitable organic scale inhibitors available are poly(acrylic) acid (PAA), phosphinocarboxylic acid, sulfonated polymers, and phosphonates. Phosphonates are maximally effective at high temperatures whereas sulfonated polymers are maximally effective at low temperatures. Copolymers that contain both phosphonate and sulfonate moieties can produce an enhanced scale inhibition over a range of temperatures. 

Scale inhibitors can be classified into three main groups:

• Thermodynamic inhibitors &#; complexing and chelating agents, suitable for specific scales. 
• Kinetic inhibitors &#; for hydrate formation may also be effective in preventing scale deposition. 
• Adherence inhibitors &#; surface active chemicals simply suppress the adherence of crystals to the metal surfaces. 

Two ways by which the kinetic scale inhibitor operates are through adsorption effects and morphological changes of the growing sites. Due to adsorption effects, the inhibitor molecules occupy the nucleation sites which are preferred by the scale forming molecules. Thus, crystals cannot find active places to adhere to the surface and, therefore, crystal nucleation is not promoted. Conventional scale inhibitors are hydrophilic, which means they dissolve in water. It is desirable that the scale inhibitor is adsorbed on the rock to avoid washing out the chemical before it can act as desired. However, adsorption on the rock may change the surface tension and the wettability of the system. To overcome these disadvantages, oil soluble scale inhibitors have been developed. 

What are some of the theories behind the mechanism of action?

The precise mechanism for scale inhibitors is not completely understood but the following are some of the theories. Scale inhibitors may adsorb onto the surface of the scale crystals just as they start to form. The inhibitors are large molecules that can envelop these microcrystals and hinder further growth. This is the primary mechanism. Many oil field chemicals are designed to operate at oil/water, liquid/gas, or solid/liquid interfaces. Since scale inhibitors must act at the interface between solid scale and water, it is not surprising that their performance can be upset by the presence of other surface-active chemicals that compete for the same interface. Before deployment it is important to examine in laboratory tests the performance of a scale inhibitor in the presence of other oil field chemicals. These chemicals function by delaying the growth of scale crystals, the inhibitor must be present before the onset of precipitation. Suspended solids also known as nonadherent scales are not acceptable. This suggests two basic rules in applying scale inhibitors:

1. The inhibitor must be added upstream of the problem area.
2. The inhibitor must be present in the scaling water on a continuous basis to stop the growth of each scale crystal as it precipitates.

Is there selection criteria of corrosion and scale inhibitors?

• Compatibility &#; The scale inhibitor must not interfere nor be affected by other chemicals such as oxygen scavengers, corrosion inhibitors and biocides. 
• Application technique &#; this is the most important if the inhibitor is to be squeezed into the formation. 
• Severity of scaling &#; fewer products are effective at high scaling rates. 
• Efficiency &#; effective scale control at low inhibitor concentrations.
• Balanced adsorption-desorption properties &#; allowing the chemicals to be slowly and homogeneously released into the production water.
• High thermal stability &#; higher temperatures and required longer life limit the types of chemistry that are suitable.
• Environmental considerations &#; Low toxicity and high biodegradability.
• pH &#; most conventional scale inhibitors perform less effectively in a low-pH environment.
• Viscosity &#; this is important when considering long umbilical applications such as in remote subsea fields.
• Cost&#; sometimes the cheaper products prove to be the most cost effect, sometimes the more expensive products do. 

What are the advantages of corrosion and scale inhibitors?

• Provide corrosion inhibition in many types of closed recirculation systems 
• Prevent electrolytic corrosion
• Protect against cavitation and erosion
• Protect metal surfaces
• Cost-effective, easy application and use
• Offer improved performance 
• Help to reduce cleaning and maintenance costs 
• Improve reliability  
• Optimize operational efficiency 

Are there limitations of corrosion and scale inhibitors?

• Inorganic corrosion and scale inhibitors suffer hydrolysis and can precipitate as calcium phosphates because of temperature, pH, solution quality, concentration, phosphate type and presence of some enzymes. 
• Organic corrosion and scale inhibitors suffer hydrolysis with temperature, not effective at high calcium concentrations, must be applied in high doses.
• Polymer-based corrosion and scale inhibitors have a limited calcium tolerance (ppm) although some can work at concentrations higher than ppm, larger concentrations are needed.
• EDTA is expensive. 

Where are some of the applications of corrosion and scale inhibitors?

To answer this, we first look at what how do inhibitors function to protect metal surfaces from corrosion? &#; they function in two ways:

• They react with the substance or chemical that is the cause of interaction with the metal surface such as removing dissolved oxygen with a chemical reducing agent in solution or in a moist atmosphere.
• They react with the metal to form a protective layer on the metal surface thereby preventing interaction between the corrosive chemical and the metal. 

Some of the applications of corrosion and scale inhibitors include:

• Closed-circuit heating and cooling systems.
• Cooling tower water treatment. 
• Open recirculating cooling systems.
• Boiler heat transfer surfaces. 
• Once through and potable water systems. 
• Carbon steel equipment in the oil and gas industry.

Corrosion and scale inhibition can take several forms depending on the circumstances of the metal being corroded. Proper monitoring and the elimination of vulnerable surface conditions, to avoid reactive metal combinations are all also part of effective corrosion reduction program. Corrosion and scaling occur as any other chemical reaction, i.e. under the right circumstances, but it can be slowed down using the right strategy of corrosion and scale inhibitors.

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REFERENCES 

Chen et al. . Experimental and Electrochemical Research of an Efficient Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor. Materials (Basel). 12(11):. 

Cooling System Scale & Corrosion Inhibitors. Retrieved 05/08/21. 

Corrosion and Scale Control. Retrieved 05/08/21. 

Corrosion & Scale Inhibitor: Cooling Water Treatment. Retrieved 05/08/21.

Corrosion and Scale Control for Cooling Water. Retrieved 05/08/21. 

Mekarbane et al. . Development of Combined Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors. CORROSION Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 

Scale Inhibitor. Retrieved 05/08/21. 

Scale Inhibitor. Retrieved 05/08/21. 

In this informative guide to understanding how household water quality impacts plumbing, we&#;ll be focusing on two of the major processes that impact your water pipes: corrosion and scaling. What are they? How are they related? And what can you do to prevent expensive failures in your pipes and fixtures?

The interaction between your pipes and the water flowing through them is a complex mixture of physical, chemical, and biological processes. We&#;ll tease out these subtleties below.

Table of Contents:

• What Is Corrosion?
• What Are the Different Types of Corrosion?
• What Is Scale?
• How Do I Know if My Pipes Are Susceptible to Corrosion or Excessive Scaling?
• What Can I Do to Prevent Corrosion or Excessive Scaling?
• What's the Takeaway?

What Is Corrosion?

Corrosion is a process that occurs when there is an electrochemical reaction between a metal (in our case, the pipe wall) and water. The result of corrosion is the oxidation of metal on a pipe wall, after which metal is released into the water or reacts with components present in the water, creating a new compound that adheres to the pipe wall.

Two Types of Corrosion

1. The best known example of corrosion is the type that releases metals into the water, metals that are often a health concern. Plastic and cement pipes can leach compounds into water and degrade as well, but we'll be focusing on metal pipes alone.[1]
   
   Around two-thirds of municipal water infrastructure is made of legacy materials like iron, steel, and lead. Even though the use of materials containing lead was banned in public drinking water system in , over 9.7 million lead service lines remain in use connecting homes to municipal water mains.[2][3] Household plumbing and fixtures can pose corrosion risks as well, especially in older homes, as they may be made of a variety of metals and/or alloys, many of which include lead solder.
   
   
2. The second type of corrosion does not release metal from the pipe wall. Instead, the corroded metal stays on the pipe wall as newly bound up metal and pipe material. This newly bound up metal is a type of scale. Scale is simply the build up of minerals and other compounds on pipe walls.
   
   While corrosion can occur without scale and scale can exist without corrosion, they often occur together and feed into one another. This second type of corrosion can be called "oxidation scale."
    

What Does Corrosion Look Like?

Corrosion can appear as a build up of material inside the pipe (oxidation scale), the thinning or rupturing of pipe walls, or both! Oxidation scale typically looks rusty and can be somewhat smooth (like in the lead pipe in Figure 1), or lumpy (like the tuberculation&#;or formation of metal lumps&#;in the iron pipe in Figure 2). "Pinhole leaks," tiny holes in the pipe wall, are another common consequence of corrosion and are known to occur in copper pipes.

(Terese Olson, Researchers estimate amount of lead released from Flint water pipes). [4] Figure 1: Interior of a lead service line from Flint, MI.

(Shutterstock).Figure 2: Tuberculation in a corroded iron pipe. 

What Are the Different Types of Corrosion?

There are three common types of corrosion: uniform, non-uniform or localized, and galvanic.

1. Uniform corrosion occurs across the entire pipe wall, while
2. Non-uniform corrosion occurs in a much more localized fashion due to either impurities in the pipe materials or localized water quality differences (e.g., tuberculation and pinhole leaks).
3. Galvanic corrosion is a bit of a different mechanism. Galvanic corrosion can occur in places where dissimilar metals are joined together, such as lead solder joining copper pipes.

All three of these types of corrosion can result in the build up of oxidation scale or the release of metals from the pipe wall, depending on pipe materials and water quality conditions.

How Can Corrosion Impact My Pipes?

If pipes are left to corrode for long periods of time, eventually they will clog with oxidation scale and/or be eaten away to the point of rupturing. In addition to having to replace your plumbing, you can imagine what that could mean for your house and belongings.

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How Can Corrosion Impact Me?

In addition to damaging your plumbing, corrosion can impact the aesthetics of your water as well as your health.

1. Corrosion can cause noticeable changes to the taste and color of your water. For example, a rusting iron pipe may cause your water to take on a brownish color and metallic taste if the rust is sloughed off into the water.
   
   
2. Corrosion can potentially release toxic metals, which are usually tasteless, colorless, and odorless in drinking water. Lead doesn&#;t cause taste, color or odor problems, but can be highly toxic in low concentrations.

7 Heavy Metals Everyone Should Test For

What Is Scale?

As we mentioned above, scale is the build up of minerals and other compounds on the inside of pipes. This is likely to occur in pipes of any material: metal, plastic, cement, etc. Ideally, there is a moderate amount of scale in pipes to protect them from corrosive conditions that result in metal release. But scale becomes problematic when it gets excessive.

What Does Scale Look Like?

Scale looks different depending on what process is forming it and what else is in the water. Scale created by or downstream of corrosion often looks rusty (Figure 3), while scale exposed to manganese can look black. On the other hand, scale primarily made up of calcium carbonate (or limescale) has a whitish color (Figure 4).

(Shutterstock).Figure 3: A new pipe joint and a joint after years of use, containing significant amounts of scale.

(Shutterstock).Figure 4: Pipes with excessive limescale build up.

What Are the Different Types of Scale?

There are two main types of scale that may form in pipes.

1. The first is the one we briefly discussed in the corrosion section, which we&#;re calling "oxidation scale." Oxidation scale is caused by the direct reaction of the water and the pipe material. When oxidation scale is insoluble and durable, it is protective for pipes and prevents further corrosion; this specific type of oxidation scale is referred to as a passivating film.
   
   However, when oxidation scale is highly soluble and friable (i.e., it crumbles easily), it can become problematic. These unstable scales can come off of the pipe wall to release corrosion products into the water; they can also become thick enough to impact the flow of water through pipes. Additionally, rather than protecting pipes from corrosion, this type of scale allows corrosion to continue at the surface of the pipes, thereby continuing to build up. 
   
   
2. The second type of scale that can be present in pipes is caused by the deposition of materials from the water onto the pipe walls. Let&#;s call this "deposition scale." This type of scale can result in what we call excessive scale, which can cause problems for your plumbing and appliances. The most well known cause of excessive scale is calcium carbonate, or limescale.
   
   

How Can Excessive Scale Impact My Pipes?

If scale is allowed to build to excessive amounts, it eventually clogs your pipes and results in costly repairs. 

The conditions that cause scale to build up in your pipes also cause scale to build up on other things, like appliances and fixtures. Over time, this can reduce the service life of your appliances, which can get costly quickly. Scale build-up is most common in appliances like water heaters (Figure 5). The white spots you may be familiar with are typically limescale, which becomes less soluble as water temperature increases (thus deposits from water onto a surface).

(Shutterstock).Figure 5: The heating element of a water heater being replaced after excessive scale buildup rendered it nonfunctional.

How Can Excessive Scale Impact Me?

In addition to potentially damaging pipes and appliances, excessive scale can also be a nuisance. The water quality conditions that cause limescale, namely high water hardness, can cause issues with skin and hair: dry and brittle hair, dry skin, and even the exacerbation of eczema.

How Do I Know if My Pipes Are Susceptible to Corrosion or Excessive Scale?

The short answer is: there is no easy way to know for sure whether your pipes are safe from excessive scale or corrosion. However, we&#;ve identified a variety of indicators that you can test for which can help you get a pretty good idea of what&#;s going on.

The first thing we look at when thinking about the conditions of pipes is the water flowing through them. The table below shows four water quality characteristics that SimpleLab identified as the most important and readily measurable indicators of pipe health. Each characteristic has a range of values that we recommend to maintain optimal pipe conditions.

Parameter Description Recommended Range Relevant Process pH pH is a measure of the acidity of water, with low pH indicating potential corrosivity and high pH indicating the potential for excessive scale 6.5 - 10 Corrosion & excessive scaling Alkalinity Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acid >30 mg/L as CaCO3 Corrosion Chloride-to-Sulfate Mass Ratio (CSMR) CSMR is the ratio of chloride to sulfate concentration; sulfate is thought to have a protective effect in pipes and chloride a corrosive effect. High CSMR with low alkalinity is cause for significant concern. <0.2 Corrosion Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) LSI is an indicator of the tendency for calcium carbonate scale to deposit; it is calculated using alkalinity, pH, calcium concentration, temperature, and total dissolved solids <3 Excessive scaling

There are many other factors that can shed light on the potential for corrosion and scaling in pipes, including the water&#;s temperature, disinfectant type, dissolved oxygen, stagnation time and the pipe material and age.

These factors are much harder to assess when compared to the five parameters we use as indicators of pipe health. 

Where Can I Get My Water Tested?

What Can I Do to Prevent Corrosion or Excessive Scaling?

If you rely on a public water utility, it is likely that your water already contains a corrosion inhibitor, which creates a passivating film inside pipes that protects them from harmful corrosion (Figure 6). However, there are many different types of corrosion inhibitors and no guarantee that the most appropriate one is being used or has made it all the way to your household plumbing. And, of course, many people do not use public utility water.

Therefore, we recommend testing, treating, and monitoring in order to assess your corrosion or scale situation. In addition, you should consult a plumbing professional if you&#;re experiencing any noticeable issues with your plumbing system.

Figure 6: Drinking water pipes without corrosion inhibitor (far left) and with corrosion inhibitor (three remaining pipes with white coating).[5]

Testing

The first step in preventing damage to your plumbing is testing your water. Testing offers you a good understanding of the four water quality parameters we discussed above. Our Essential City Water Test and Essential Well Water Test both measure all of those parameters plus a wide range of metals, which could be present if your pipes and fixtures are corroding.

Every Tap Score report includes a plumbing section that evaluates whether any of the four pipe health indicators are outside of their recommended ranges, and/or whether there are any dissolved metals present (which can indicate corrosion). SimpleLab uses this data to identify a range of treatment options that can help maintain the integrity of your plumbing system.

Treatment

Treatment technologies consist of either point-of-entry (POE) or point-of-use (POU) systems. For mitigating problems with scaling and corrosion, a POE system is required. A POE system treats water as soon as it enters your house and will therefore protect your on-site plumbing and fixtures. A POU system, on the other hand, treats the water at the point of use (for example, an under-sink unit or pitcher filter) and will not protect your plumbing system.

The type of treatment you install depends on which of the water quality characteristics need adjusting, as well as any other health or aesthetic concerns you identify through testing. With Tap Score, you can consult with one of our professionals before you make a final decision. 

POE Versus POU Water Treatment

A few example treatments that address potential corrosion or excessive scaling are shown in the table below. 

Treatment Name Description Parameter Addressed pH adjustment Injection of acidic or alkaline solution pH, alkalinity Water softener Exchanges Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions with Na+ or K+ ions Hardness, alkalinity, LSI Reverse osmosis filter High pressure membrane filter Hardness, alkalinity, LSI, metals

Monitoring

After you&#;ve tested and installed treatment, you&#;ll want to conduct follow-up testing to ensure your treatment is working over time.